The hard part: a lid you cannot see
You read three datasets: Project Oxygen, Gallup, the Peter Principle study. They agree: the lid is real and it is measured.
Nobody feels their own lid directly. It looks like other problems: the design nobody adopts, the promotion that gets stuck, the team that ships slower than it should.
By the time it feels like a leadership problem, it has been one for a while.
Source: Google Project Oxygen; Gallup; Benson, Li, and Shue, 2019